Business listings in automatic directory assistance
نویسندگان
چکیده
So far most attempts to automate Directory Assistance services focused on private listings, because it is not known precisely how callers will refer to a business listings. The research de scribed in this paper, carried out in the SMADA project, tries to fill this gap. The aim of the research is to model the expres sions people use when referring to a business listing by means of rules, in order to automatically create a vocabulary, which can be part of an automated DA service. In this paper a rule-base procedure is proposed, which de rives rules from the expressions people use. These rules are then used to automatically create expressions from directory listings. Two categories of businesses, viz. hospitals and the hotel and catering industry, are used to explain this procedure. Results for these two categories are used to discuss the prob lem of the overand undergeneration of expressions.
منابع مشابه
Learning of user formulations for business listings in automatic directory assistance
Automatic Directory Assistance (DA) for business listings poses many application specific problems. One of the main problem is that customers formulate their requests for the same listing with a great variability. This paper presents the results of a study aiming at the evaluation of an approach towards automatic learning, from field data, of expressions typically used by customers to formulate...
متن کاملAutomatic construction of unique signatures and confusable sets for natural language directory assistance applications
This paper addresses the problem of building natural language based grammars and language models for directory assistance applications that use automatic speech recognition. As input, one is given an electronic version of a standard phone book, and the output is a grammar or language model that will accept all the ways in which one might ask for a particular listing. We focus primarily on the p...
متن کاملPeople watcher: a game for eliciting human-transcribed data for automated directory assistance
Automated Directory Assistance (ADA) allows users to request telephone or address information of residential and business listings using speech recognition. Because callers often express listings differently than how they are registered in the directory, ADA systems require transcriptions of alternative phrasings for directory listings as training data, which can be costly to acquire. As such, ...
متن کاملToward Automatic Adaptation of the Acoustic Models and of the Formulation Variants in a Directory Assistance Application
The framework of this work is an already operational voice activated Directory Assistance (DA) service that allows a large amount of data from the field to be collected. Our goal is to improve its performance by adapting the acoustic models and the formulation variants of the system to the field. For model adaptation, we propose to dynamically generate without supervision additional Hidden Mark...
متن کاملIncremental learning of new user formulations in automatic directory assistance
Directory Assistance for business listings is a challenging task: one of its main problems is that customers formulate their requests for the same listing with great variability. Since it is difficult to reliably predict a priori the user formulations, we have proposed a procedure for detecting, from field data, user formulations that were not foreseen by the designers. These formulations can b...
متن کامل